Butadiene
is a colorless, non-corrosive gas with mild aromatic or gasoline-like
odor. Butadiene is a simple conjugated diene and is a flammable gas.
Butadiene vapor pressure is 2100 mmHg at 25 °C and the explosive limits
are 2-11.5%. Butadiene is slightly soluble in water (735 mg/liter) and
is soluble in a number of organic solvents such as diethyl ether,
ethanol, benzene, acetone and polar and nonpolar organic solvents. The
butadiene can be extracted from C4 hydrocarbons, dehydrogenation of
n-butane, ethanol and butenes.
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The butadiene
can be extracted from crude C4, a product from the steam cracker. A
hydrocarbon used as feed in the production of butadiene determines the
quantity of butadiene. Light feeds, such as ethane produce ethylene when
cracked. On the other hand, heavier feeds produced the heavier olefins,
butadiene, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Butadiene can also be extracted
by the catalytic dehydrogenation of normal butane (n-butane). Butadiene
from n-butane is commercially produced using the Houdry catadiene
process, which was developed during World War II. Butadiene is also
produced from ethanol. Smaller-capacity plants use ethanol for the
production of butadiene due to the lower capital cost associated with it
in comparison to others.
1,3-Butadiene can also be produced by catalytic dehydrogenation of
normal butenes. This method was also used by the United States Synthetic
Rubber Program (USSRP) during World War II. The process was much more
economical than the alcohol route but competed with aviation gasoline
for available butene molecules. The USSRP constructed several plants in
Baton Rouge and Lake Charles, Los Angeles; Houston, Baytown, and Port
Neches, Texas; and Torrance, California. Butadiene is a raw material
that can be used to produce synthetic rubber. The tire industry is one
of the main consumers of butadiene. Other applications for butadiene
include plastics production and paper chemicals.
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In
the recent years, the most significant butadiene consuming regions of
the world are North America, West Europe, and Northeast Asia. Countries
such as China has been witnessing a rapid growth of tire and rubber
goods production, both for domestic consumption and export, is causing
rapid growth in demand for synthetic rubber, indirectly boost the demand
for butadiene market. The location of existing and future butadiene
extraction capacity will be critical to meet demand growth into the
synthetic rubber (polybutadiene & styrene-butadiene), nylon (via
adiponitrile), and ABS (acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene) markets. In
North America, butadiene extraction capacity is expected to operate
below maximum rates, restricted by the limitations of reasonable
feedstock and local demand.
In
Northeast Asia, expansion of existing butadiene extraction capacity
beyond what has currently been announced is needed to maintain
reasonable extraction operating rates and secure the supply chain of the
rapidly expanding butadiene derivative markets. In West Europe,
butadiene extraction units will be required to run at high rates to
supply slowly growing domestic demand and take advantage of high netback
export sales where possible.
Some
of the major companies operating in the global butadiene extraction
market are BASF SE, Qatar Petroleum, Reliance Industries Limited, ZEON
CORPORATION, TPC Group Inc., Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Evonik
Industries AG and Royal Dutch Shell.
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