Containers
are used to transport objects from one place to another. Unlike
conventional shipping, container shipping uses containers of various
standard sizes—20 foot (6.09 m), 40 foot (12.18 m), 45 foot (13.7 m), 48
foot (14.6 m), and 53 foot (16.15 m)—to load, transport, and unload
goods or objects. As a result, containers can be moved by trains, ships
and trucks. Most commonly and important container sizes are 20-foot and
40-foot lengths. The 20-foot container is generally referred to as a
Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (TEU) and the 40-foot container is known as
the Forty-foot Equivalent Unit (FEU).
Containers
are generally made up of aluminum and steel . The size and type built
of each container comply with specifications and regulations formulated
by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Shipping containers
are of various types . The most important type of container is dry cargo
. Dry cargo containers are often referred to as special containers.
These special containers include open side, open end, open top,
half-height, flat rack, refrigerated, liquid bulk, and modular. These
containers are built as a same exterior lengths and widths as the
standard dry cargo containers.
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In
addition, open top containers are used for easy loading of cargo such
as odd-sized goods and machineries. Flat racks are used for vehicles,
boats, machineries and industrial equipment . Open side containers are
used for transporting vegetables such as onions and potatoes. Tank
containers are used to transport liquids such as chemicals, wine, and
vegetable oils
Each
container has its own unique unit number , often known as box number.
Box numbers are used by crew members, ship captains, coastguards,
customs officers, dock supervisors, and warehouse managers to identify
the owner of a container and who is using it to ship goods, and to track
the container's location across the world.
The
container sizes need to be standardized so that they can be stacked
most efficiently. It transport one on top of the other in trains, ships,
trucks and cranes at the ports can be specially fitted or built to a
single size specification. Container size standardization is carried
out by the ISO whose primary work is to set standard sizes for all
containers .
The
most important step in container shipping is proper loading of
containers in trucks, ships, and trains. Several government associations
such as the World Shipping Council (WSC), together with the
International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), published the Transport of
Containers by Sea - Industry Guidance for Shippers and Container
Stuffers. It provides specific guidelines to shipping companies to
transport containers in a safe and efficient way.
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In
terms of geography, North America dominates the global container
shipping market . This is due to improved transportation services in
this region. The U.S. represents the largest market for container
shipping followed by Canada in North America. In Europe, Germany, the
U.K., Spain, Italy, and France hold the major share of the container
shipping market. Asia is expected to witness high growth rates in the
next five years, as many companies are constructing manufacturing
facilities in this region. The rising number of manufacturing units
would result in significant rise in demand for containers. Improving
transportation services are boosting growth of the container shipping
market in this region. Japan, China, and India are expected to be the
fastest-growing container shipping markets in Asia.
Increasing
demand for transportation services is a key driver of the global
container shipping market. Rising number of factories and manufacturing
units has fueled growth of the global container shipping market. In
addition, several government associations are also boosting growth of
the global container shipping market by providing specific guidelines
to shipping companies.
However, high shipping freight rates obstruct growth of the global container shipping market.
Some
of the major companies operating in the global container shipping
market are China Shipping Container Lines, HANJIN, China Ocean Shipping
Company, HAPAG-LLOYD, Mediterranean Shipping Company, and MAERSK.
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